A half-life is the time it takes for a certain amount of a pesticide to be reduced by half. This occurs as it dissipates or breaks down in the environment. In general, a pesticide will break down to 50% of the original amount after a single half-life. After two half-lives, 25% will remain. About 12% will remain after three half-lives. This continues until the amount remaining is nearly zero (see figure 1).

Each pesticide can have many half-lives depending on conditions in the environment. For example, permethrin breaks down at different speeds in soil, in water, on plants, and in homes.

• In soil, the half-life of permethrin is about 40 days, ranging from 11-113 days.
• In the water column, the half-life of permethrin is 19-27 hours. If it sticks to sediment, it can last over a year.
• On plant surfaces, the half-life of permethrin ranges from 1-3 weeks, depending on the plant species.
• Indoors, the half-life of permethrin can be highly variable. It is expected to be over, or well over, 20 days.

The half-life can help estimate whether or not a pesticide tends to build up in the environment. Pesticide half-lives can be lumped into three groups in order to estimate persistence. These are low (less than 16 day half-life), moderate (16 to 59 days), and high (over 60 days). Pesticides with shorter half-lives tend to build up less because they are much less likely to persist in the environment. In contrast, pesticides with longer half-lives are more likely to build up after repeated applications. This may increase the risk of contaminating nearby surface water, ground water, plants, and animals.

However, pesticides with very short half-lives can have their drawbacks. For example, imagine that a pesticide is needed to control aphids in the garden for several weeks. One application of a pesticide with a half-life of a few hours will probably not be very effective several weeks out. This is because the product would have broken down to near-zero amounts after only a few days. This type of product would likely have to be applied multiple times over those several weeks. This could increase the risk of exposure to people, non-target animals, and plants.

Many things play a role in how long a pesticide remains in the environment. These include things like sunlight, temperature, the presence of oxygen, soil type (sand, clay, etc.), how acidic the soil or water is, and microbe activity (see table 1). Pesticide half-lives are commonly reported as time ranges. This is because environmental conditions can change over time. This makes it impossible to describe a single, consistent half-life for a pesticide.

A pesticide product's formulation can also change how the active ingredient behaves in the environment. In fact, the properties of the formulation may dominate initially, until enough time has passed to allow the ingredients to separate. This is because small amounts of an active ingredient are 'formulated' with larger amounts of 'other' ingredients to make a whole pesticide product.

Table 1. Environmental factors that affect pesticide persistence.

Pesticide half-lives are often determined in a laboratory. There, conditions like temperature can be controlled and closely monitored. Soil, water, or plant material is mixed with a known amount of a pesticide. The material is then sampled and tested over time to determine how long it takes for half of the chemical to break down.

Field studies are also performed for some chemicals. A known amount of the pesticide is mixed with soil, water, or plant material. It is then placed in an outdoor environment where it is exposed to various environmental conditions and tested over time. Field studies provide researchers with a more realistic idea of how the pesticide will act in the environment. However, half-life values from such studies can vary greatly depending on the exact conditions (see figure 2).

Before a pesticide product is registered, manufacturers measure their half-lives. You can find their research results in a variety of databases, books, and peer-reviewed articles. If you need help, call the National Pesticide Information Center.

When a pesticide breaks down it doesn't disappear. Instead, it forms new chemicals that may be more or less toxic than the original chemical. Generally, they are broken into smaller and smaller pieces until only carbon dioxide, water, and minerals are left. Microbes often play a large role in this process. In addition, some chemicals may not break down initially. Instead, they might move away from their original location. It all depends on the chemical and the environmental conditions.

Certain pesticides like iron phosphate and copper sulfate don't break down in the same way as others, because they are based on chemical elements. The half-life concept only applies to pesticides with molecular structures that include carbon atoms.

For more detailed information, visit the list of references below, call NPIC at 800-858-7378, or email us at npic@oregonstate.edu.

NPIC aims to use the best scientific resources available at the time fact sheets are written. NPIC does not have the resources to keep all of its fact sheets entirely up to date. All NPIC documents indicate when the material was last updated. For more information on how NPIC selects scientific resources, visit our web page Writing NPIC Fact Sheets.

Please cite as: Hanson, B.; Bond, C.; Buhl, K.; Stone, D. 2015. Pesticide Half-life Fact Sheet; National Pesticide Information Center, Oregon State University Extension Services. npic.orst.edu/factsheets/half-life.html.